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NEED AND CONTEXT

It has been observed that the recent economic growth in the Asian cities indicate that there has been a breakdown of traditional support systems such as the family because of rapid urbanization and modernization. Moreover, a large number of people are living below the poverty line in impoverished environment in urban and rural communities. Their acute needs for housing, food, health, education, and incomes are the very forces that push adolescents to look for a means of livelihood on the streets, engage in prostitution, be hooked up with crime/drug syndicates, or become victims of sexual and physical abuse. It is a battle of bare struggle for daily survival and contributes in every ways they can. Any measure to penalize parents of such children will only result in further abuse and oppression of people who are already disadvantaged. Such children struggle hard in getting the most essential requirements to meet the basic needs of life and such children need special attention and educational intervention. These disadvantaged adolescents are generally malnourished and often anemic; many of them physically stunted, suffer psychologically from undue family pressures and abuses and are neglected at home. They tend to develop low self-esteem from broken families, single-headed households because of the death, separation, or labor migration of one of their parents. Moreover, they live in slums and squatter communities, sub-human conditions and are susceptible to crime syndicates and gang conflicts, substance/drug abuse, and gambling.

In the developing and under developed countries like India and Thailand a large percentage of population live below the poverty line and adolescents from such environment face difficulties in getting access to good education. It is therefore felt that in both the surround adolescents are of in the process of development and failure to meet their developmental need have lend to safe and serial destructions behaviors. Adolescents lack necessary life skills for cape up in to the realities and challenges of life. Adolescents accords for the largest portion of the world’s population and have been on an increasing trend and there are “230 million Indian adolescent in the age of group of 4 to 19” that (Population and Health IndoShare, 2006). Moreover, it is expected that this age group will continue to grow reaching over “214 million by 2020” (United Nations (UN) 2000) due to has traditionally been a male dominated society and has a strong son preference in most part of but Indian girls tend to be discriminated against by their families and also demographic trends indicate deep-rooted gender discrimination. In India, the condition of disadvantaged adolescents resembled that of their centers pail Thailand. Indian Young adolescents are facings serious problem of lack of access to reliable knowledge on the process of growing up reproductive health practices and value system. There has been a need to provide education on the developmental changes and needs during teenagers. This may reduce the risk of future.

Today, almost every Indian and Thai whether rich or poor, young or old, is exposed to much that is foreign, largely because in the last two decades India and Thailand has become one of the region’s most popular tourists destinations. At times, the growing economy and favorable investment opportunities have also attracted many foreign multinationals, which continue to add to the already fair large expatriate community. However, despite the intensity of their exposure to “foreign” influences, particularly western cultures and lifestyles, Indian and Thai culture remains a solid influence within family life and early childhood. From birth, Indian and Thai adolescents are still much more deeply immersed in culture than they are exposed to foreign influences despite the fast-paced changes that have been affecting Indian and Thai adolescents. The adolescents of deferred families are emotionally disturbed and driven adrift as wanderers, delinquent children with im-permissive behaviors such as loitering, gambling, drug addiction, crime, truancy, prostitution, and begging, illegal dealings. As the consequence of these adverse behaviors, cases of illegal pregnancy, baby abandonment, and HIV/AIDS infection are becoming more and more severe.

There also reported, “Thai Children are spending more time in talking and chatting on the phone and the trendiest models of mobile phones, love hanging out with their friends at night, the drugs problem and the loss of Thai identity and shopping for brand name products. The latest fashion among the hobbies of many of today’s Thai children is they are becoming increasingly violent and blaming society and their own families for their behavior and involve in premature sex, drugs and aggressiveness”. “The study found that despite the well-to-do family backgrounds of the teens surveyed, most of them shared a common problem of loneliness, depressive tendencies and a need for love”. The gap between parents and children is greater than ever before, arising from broken families or from families which faille to inculcate morals in their children because they havenless time for their children and had left them to the peril of sick and violent society in Thailand (Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, Thongbai Thongpao 2002), (Tong Thum Struggles, 2006)

With the best intention and efforts of the education as a social instrument, it is possible to promote the complete welfare of disadvantaged population. Among the several types of disadvantaged adolescents, Adolescents forced to enter the labour market, adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS and adolescents affected by narcotic drugs need special attention. They have trouble in getting proper guidance to overcome personal problems and require proper guidance and counseling to become aware of the ill effects narcotic drugs, labour market and HIV/AIDS. It may not be possible to develop awareness in the expected manner through normal school curriculums. Hence, a separate educational intervention, which is nothing but a planned programme of educational guidance, organized to meet the scientific and psychological needs of disadvantaged adolescents in the age group of 13-16. Hence, in this study, an attempt will be made to study the educational adjustment of disadvantaged adolescents and to find out the impact of a structured educational intervention programme in developing proper awareness and attitude towards reproductive health, drugs, sexuality and values.

The present study examined the impact of an educational intervention programme on the knowledge and attitude on disadvantaged adolescents in Northern India and Thailand. The study intends to assess and compare the knowledge about the process of growing up, HIV/AIDS awareness, values and attitude of teen-age students staying in the schools. Reproductive health education is a key strategy for promoting preventive measures among teenagers.

METHOS

The sample for the study consisted of 225 disadvantaged adolescents who included 125 adolescents from India (Chennai Himmat Slum area, Jammu region) and Thailand (Yong People Develop Chiang Mai and Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa) Chiang Rai, Province). The sample populations of disadvantaged adolescents are residents of orphanages and slum area and studying in high school classes in the age of groups from 13 to 16 years. Data was collected by administering knowledge test consisted of items on process of growing up HIV/AIDS, reproductive organs and their functions family planning and parenting and attitude scale to measure beliefs and practices about sexuality and abstinence. An experimental design consisted of experimental and control group was formed. Questionnaires were translated from English to Hindi and Thai, (mother tongue of the respondent), then back in to English to ensure that no meaning was lost in translation. There were use two groups of learner: both the groups were given Pre-Test as well as Post-Test, where experimental group were given intervention programme and control group was not be given any intervention programme.

Control group: – there were in two states: ten administrators conducted face-to-face interviews and Focus groups with disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand.

First state, in India country; 10 Indian administrators were called the Indian disadvantaged adolescents from there house at Slum area (Jammu), meeting for data collected were an adjustment questionnaire in each of person and groups by Hindi (mother tongue of the respondent).

Second state, in Thailand country: 125 questionnaires in Thai (mother tongue of the respondent) were administered to the Thai disadvantaged adolescent of two orphanages, I collected later the questionnaires.

Intervention / Treatment Programme

Experts: Facilitators who were willing to participate in the study were invited for receiving community sensitization, booklet distribution, and CD training;

Experimental group: 200 students (and also inmates) belonging to Channai Himmat, Slum area (Jammu, India), Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa), and Yong People Develop (Thailand) who had got least scores namely, were given one day training programme on intervention or treatment as;

In the morning: the orientation and participants programme concentrated on basic issues such as general framework of adolescent growth, and consisted of discussions and demonstrations. The training programme practiced the activities to develop the knowledge level and the attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education

In the afternoon until evening: the revised questionnaires were administered to the experimental group in 3 sessions as: (a) the personal details. (b) The knowledge level and attitude were administered to find out themselves and whenever they had doubt in understanding the items, the administrators made them easy by giving supplementary examples. In addition, (c) group discussed for preparation of suggestive measures to improve and policies.

Design of the study

An educational intervention programme consisting of awareness activities presented through media presentation, discussion and interaction was presented to the experimental group. Universals and multivariate analysis of the data were used to assess the impact of interventions and to identify the predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Significant changes in terms of gain between pre-test and post-test was observed.

Analysis

The completed questionnaires were collated and entered into the computer. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS. After verification and reduction of data, descriptive frequencies were completed. This was followed by uni-variate and multi-variety procedures to assess the impact of the interventions and to identify other predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Analysis was stratified by sex shown how responses to the variables of knowledge and attitude, differ boys, girls, age, and education. Descriptive statistics was used to profile the study population. Knowledge and attitude was then used to explore the demographic variables associated with HIV/AIDS, drug abused and reproductive Health Education. The following statistical techniques were applied in the present project: Paired Samples “T”-test and “F”-test.

FINDINGS

The demographic profile of the 250 Indian and Thai respondent questionnaires is shown the relationships between demographic characteristics of Indian and Thai were founds Indian boys (54. 40%) less than Thai boys (56%), and Indian girls (45. 60%) more than Thai girls (44%). In the same age group of Indian and Thai 15 years old, and the same of the secondary school of Indian: (Standard: 9) and Thai: (Grades 3), had significant . 05 is shown in Table 1.

Answers were grouped in comparing scores from Indian and Thai disadvantage adolescent after received a treatment on knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education, all participating (N= 200) were group interviewed and after the intervention had significant difference is (0. 05), are shown in Table 2-16.

The findings also revealed significant differences between boys and girls in knowledge and attitude towards reproductive health education. Implications of the study for the awareness programmes were suggested.

DISCUSSION

In many Northern states of India and Thailand, the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health needs of Indian and Thai disadvantaged adolescents are either poorly understood or not fully appreciated. Evidence is growing that this neglect can seriously jeopardize the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education needs and future well-being of them.

The policies addressed the effectiveness of the programmed to highlights what there needs to be done to promote and protect to the disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand in the future as: all schools should develop textbooks making learning interesting by following extensive community sensitization in support of adolescent reproductive health education appropriate in Indian and Thai cultural and tradition. Because of Indian and Thai culture and tradition, adolescents kept learning by them long time ago that, made them grow up in the wrong life and have been against morality.

Indian and Thai adolescent problems erupt from families and by themselves after they have been sexually abused or because their families could not understand adolescent behavior and teach them about reproductive health education and sexual health education. Such as should improve in knowledge and attitude among school-going adolescents with the media modern of families. In addition, it was found that sexually abused violated in Indian and Thai adolescents should learn and practice self-protection and should gather knowledge of the Child Rights and much more.

India disadvantaged adolescents

1. Indian disadvantaged adolescents are neglected from home, school and there country of the knowledge. They tend to undeveloped of the confidents and very poorly of the knowledge, attitude about Reproductive Health, drug and HIV/AIDS. Thus as, should to improve and increase and learn the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents

2. In India, the responsible organizations both governmental and non-governmental of India have to develop policies for adolescent and should to include HIV/AIDS education and health programme in schools curriculums. In addition, those reproductive health educational services for adolescent girls are especially needed in schools and families.

3. Parents, families, teachers and administrators in orphanages or schools should be encouraged to discuss or give guidance and approval about reproductive health education, drug and HIV/AIDS with their disadvantaged adolescent.

Thailand disadvantaged adolescents

1. Should to improve and increase the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents in Northern about reproductive health education and sexual health education.

2. Especially, in Northern, Thailand having spread of higher Drug and HIV/AIDS, thus as should to teach or train to get about the knowledge attitude and understanding of reproductive health to adolescents and parents more then other.

3. The reproductive and sexual health education should be included in the curriculum for the second level – primary education (Grades 4-6), Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) and Fourth level – secondary education (Grades 4-6). It is too late to start from Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) in Thailand thus; the Ministry of Education has to prepare a new policy to put this subject at the Basic Education Curriculum Standard as soon as possible.

4. It appears that in Thailand media has caused a change in sex related values among adolescents. With the misuse of Internet in getting information on sex related issue supplemented by the use of Cell phone, TV, VCD, DVD and booklets is increasing Crime problems of sexually abused. Thus, the qualities of the textbooks or booklets to be distributed to the adolescents.

TABLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank to Dr. Y. N. Sridhar, Guide of Research for me. I would like too many helpful and thank the following students, Mr. Kasame Sakonllapap, Mr. Santi Jongkongka, Mr. Prasarn Ruansang and people for their supported. I thankfulness to Father Carlo Luzzi, Mother Elisa Cavana, Father Niphot Thiengwiharn and my family, for contributing to this study by providing funding.

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This not only with age, the increase in breast cancer refers to women, development of risk factors, the figures show, women of all 100 men who were diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer usually does not mean that certain categories of very different kinds of diseases collectively breast cancer of the breasts. However, the most common understanding of the abnormal growth of breast cancer cells, suggesting the cause of breast cancer. Exact cause of breast cancer is unknown and the cause of breast cancer is not established. Even more common cause of the myth, to identify the causes of breast cancer. Are several possible causes that are collectively associated with breast cancer: the odds of breast cancer by age, the age is most likely familiar to most of it left and right, mother and sister, and relatives for the early start of menses and early menopause was a daughter diagnosed with breast cancer, increased risk factors that are associated with cancer are exposure to radiation for breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy increase the likelihood of breast cancer In addition, breast cancer and organ chlorine) and the first symptoms of the fertile late subjective symbols, chemical plant using hazardous chemicals (can cause exposure to hazardous chemicals while working There is usually a part of, and the rest of the breast tissue that feels different. An example of breast cancer when more than 80% are found pieces of women feel. American Cancer Society, the first medical sign, According to an objective measure of breast cancer or mammography was found by observation by a doctor. a lump in the lymph nodes under the armpits, in the position can indicate breast cancer. Breast cancer is the inflammation of the skin cancer cells and so, lymphatic vessels in the skin, in order to invade the small lymph vessels in the skin of the breast presentation is called inflammatory breast cancer. Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer, warmth and swelling of the entire breast redness, and pain. The complexity of the symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast is another report of breast cancer. Changes in skin redness and eczema as a syndrome, a mild peeling of the skin on the nipple. Symptoms include tingling be increased to include itching, sensitivity, burning and pain. In some cases, metastatic disease of breast cancer, ie, cancer is present has spread beyond the original organ. metastatic breast cancer, the location of the transition depend on the symptoms cause. Commonplaces metastatic bone, liver, lungs, and brain. occasional unexplained weight loss, can usher in a mystical breast cancer, symptoms such as fever and chills. Symptoms of metastatic breast cancer and bone and joint pain, neurological symptoms or can be can be jaundice. the most important factor in any illness is a way to deal with it, safe find a cure. breast cancer is a serious disease, and time is appropriate treatment for recovery from the trauma of breast cancer early in the disease. and healthy eating, in front of family and friends working on a serious illness maintain a balanced life with., through clinical trials, all questions, share concerns about the Ask a considerable help. at an appropriate time to prevent the disease and treatment of breast cancer diagnosis before it is done too late. Breast cancer is common in women than in men. Jaslok Health Group, in India for the benefit for the treatment of this disease as soon as possible is the best drug treatment for breast cancer provides. Currently, in India, the medical team of breast cancer Jaslok Health Group was adopted. Jaslok provide breast cancer treatment consists of qualified doctors in India, equivalent to international standards of health group . That's why the United Kingdom, United States, is visiting India as a good Musa significant cost savings in the treatment of breast cancer in many people from Canada, treatment, and you can enjoy the holiday to get the same quality and family companion. Jaslok the health of the group, provides innovative health care system that meets the needs of the community. Jaslok Group Health ensure continuous improvement of quality in all aspects of the mission . In India, our WWW below for more information on the Web please refer to the treatment of breast cancer sites. jaslokhealthgroup. com or e-mail the information jaslokhealthgroup @. COM's

Jaslok experienced doctors and specialists in heart bypass surgery in India Health Group provides from around the world. Jaslok Health Group in one single operation, making known his medical education institutions in each surgeon, the hospital was working abroad, and the best surgeon for this type. Jaslok order total for each bid a heart bypass surgery in India Health Group we provide the best surgeons and doctors in order to recover the patient. Heart bypass surgery, bypass, and to reach your heart blood and oxygen to create a new root. E 'in the issue of execution, the artery is partially or completely blocked leading to your heart, coronary artery disease (CAD), to resolve the cause. A typical bypass surgery and two are used to describe two very different types. First heart surgery, is known officially as coronary artery bypass graft surgery. This operation, "" the blocked arteries, to feed the heart bypass is performed to receive the necessary blood to the heart function. You can listen to this procedure called coronary artery bypass can be, pronounced cabbage. Reduce angina heart bypass surgery is performed to reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease. From other parts of the body of the patient's arteries and veins to bypass the atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary arteries, heart muscle is grafted to improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation (heart muscle) to supply. This intervention is usually cardiac arrest is to be performed using cardiopulmonary bypass; to perform coronary artery bypass grafting in the beating heart technique, off-pump "known as" just had surgery available Masu. The heart muscle (coronary arteries) by plaque in the artery that carries blood, fat, cholesterol and other substances (accumulation) can become clogged. This can slow down and stop the flow of blood through the blood vessels of the heart, causing chest pain and heart attacks. Then you can relieve chest pain and heart muscle, increase blood flow to reduce the risk of heart attack. In some cases, surgery for heart bypass can be used instead of open-heart surgery, there are some new minimally invasive technique. In some procedures, the cardiac drug is also under control, have the edge in the procedure. These types of surgery, heart-lung machine is required. Surgical techniques and other procedures using a heart bypass surgery, minimally invasive, open heart surgery rather than keyhole. Keyhole procedure, in the chest, or use several smaller openings, may not require a heart-lung machine. The research may not be available in all medical centers have not been the growing popularity of these technologies. Also, please tell a nurse to take the medicine your doctor or bought without a prescription and herbal medicines all times. Nakamae day your heart bypass surgery: your medicine, surgery may be required to stop taking a blood clot in your blood make it difficult for the period of two weeks ago. May cause an increase in these bleeding during surgery. They are aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other similar drugs, including. If you are taking clopidogrel and talk to your surgeon about how to stop taking. To consult with your doctor, a drug must still take the day of surgery. If you smoke, please stop. Consult your doctor for help. Always tell if a doctor has a cold, flu, fever, Herupesubureikuauto, or any other diseases have. When preparing your home to be discharged from the hospital. Your surgery, heart bypass surgery before Day 1: You will be asked to wash the body below the neck with a special soap. Scrubbing the chest, two or three times in this soap. Also, you may be asked to take antibiotics to prevent infection. Day of surgery, cardiac bypass surgery: does not usually eat after midnight the night before surgery will be asked to drink or anything. Gum includes gum and breath mints. If you rinse your mouth with water, dry feel, attention can be swallowed. Drugs are talking about taking a sip of water from your doctor. Our doctor or nurse will tell you that arrived at the hospital. After surgery, heart bypass, the short-term (if there is a complication of 1-2 days), the intensive care unit (ICU) located. Intensive Care of the activities of your mind, you probably will need: a continuous monitoring. Support a temporary breathing tube. This is a tube inserted into a vein in the neck of a plastic Daunsureddo the center line of the heart and pulmonary artery. This is' in the mind is used to control blood pressure and blood flow. Remove the secretion to start eating stomach tube. Tube (catheter) to drain the bladder and measure urine output. Connecting tube into a vein in your arm (intravenous or IV, lines) through body fluids, nutrition and medication can be given. Arterial line to measure blood pressure. Arterial line tube short, soft, and is directly inserted into the artery (catheter) into the plastic. Lead to continuous blood pressure monitor to display the arterial line. Chest tube drainage of pleural fluid and blood (this is normal and temporary) of the surgery. Group health Jaslok positive results obtained in heart bypass surgery in India. People from abroad come to India for the benefit of the group Jaslok health. Cost-effective package to customers operating in India entertainment, healthcare, tourism has been provided. Personally I have enjoyed the doctor. Jaslok is a group of renowned physicians with new ways to promote a rational therapy for human health, a new type of group health problem. Modernization is done by medical professionals under the modern facilities and bypass technique. We ensure continuous quality improvement in all aspects of the mission. We have excellence in all our patients, staff, all people, work is committed to providing excellent service use or visit our facility. We are looking for we always sensitive to the advice of voters.